Tree spices are important perennial crops obtained from woody plants, where bark, buds, fruits, seeds, or leaves are valued for aroma, flavour, and medicinal uses. Major examples include clove, cinnamon, nutmeg, allspice, star anise, garcinia, and bay leaf, which have supported global trade, traditional medicine, and culinary systems.
Over time, their indiscriminate and continuous application has led to ecological challenges, including pest resistance, secondary pest resurgence, chemical residues, non-target toxicity, and declining soil health. Consequently, systematic risk assessment is essential for sustaining agricultural productivity and environmental safety.
Conservation agriculture (CA) offers a sustainable pathway by improving soil health and productivity through minimal soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and diversified crop rotations. However, CA is knowledge-, machinery-, and herbicide-intensive, requiring strong institutional support. Widespread adoption demands coordinated efforts from farmers, researchers, and policymakers, particularly in arid regions, to achieve long-term agricultural sustainability.
The High-Density Planting System (HDPS) represents a significant advancement in cotton cultivation in India, aimed at improving productivity and sustainability. This system involves cultivating early-maturing, compact cotton hybrids at closer spacing, thereby increasing plant population per unit area.

Dr Shiva Dhar is a renowned researcher, working as Principal Scientist at ICAR-Indian Agriculture Research Institute. Dr Shiva Dhar is a renowned researcher, working as Principal Scientist (Agronomy) at the Division of Agronomy, ICAR-Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi.
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Principal Scientist & Adjunct Professor Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, INDIA
dhruba.malakar@icar.gov.in
Head, Plant Protection Research Department Agriculture and Natural Research and Education centre of Gulestan Province, Iran
myounesabadi8@gmail.com
Scientist, Agronomy (FR & MC) Section, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001
Sanjeev.Kumar17@icar.gov.in
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