Abstract

Heavy metal contamination in industrial areas poses a major environmental threat, disrupting soil health and agricultural productivity. Soil conditioners, both organic and inorganic, are increasingly used for in-situ immobilization of heavy metals through adsorption, complexation, precipitation, and redox reactions. Organic conditioners like compost, manure, and biochar enhance soil fertility and structure, while inorganic materials such as lime, gypsum, and phosphates stabilize metal ions and improve soil chemistry. Their low cost and eco-friendly nature make them effective for sustainable remediation and restoration of contaminated soils.