Seed science in the 21st century has evolved into a multidisciplinary frontier encompassing biotechnology, nanotechnology, AI, and omics-based approaches. Gene-editing tools like CRISPR, advanced priming methods, and hologenomics are redefining seed improvement strategies. Smart coatings, nanocarriers, and intelligent packaging enhance seed viability and delivery efficiency. AI-driven trait prediction and speed breeding are revolutionizing crop cycles and performance. Integration of cryopreservation and artificial seeds ensures long-term conservation and uniform propagation. These technologies collectively engineer seed systems that are resilient, productive, and responsive to environmental stimuli. This review outlines key innovations shaping seed science for climate-resilient and sustainable agriculture.
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