Abstract

Once considered inert, plants are understood to participate in underground communication networks, termed “RootNet.” Emerging evidence shows that roots exchange resources, signal chemically, and interact with symbiotic fungi, forming internet-like biological systems across ecosystems. This review explores mechanisms such as root exudates and mycorrhizal links that support kin recognition, pathogen defense, and cooperative nutrient transfer. Beyond ecology, RootNet informs innovations in plant-based sensors, bio-digital interfaces, and sustainable agriculture, including soil monitoring and restoration. Despite promise, uncertainties remain regarding specificity and human impacts, while future research may enable biofeedback systems enhancing food security and climate resilience.