Calf diarrhea is a major health and economic challenge in pre-weaned calves, particularly in India, leading to poor growth, high morbidity, and mortality. The first two weeks of life are critical due to environmental stress, dietary transitions, and immature immunity, increasing susceptibility to enteric pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Probiotics, especially Lactobacilli, play a vital role in stabilizing gut microbiota, suppressing pathogens, and enhancing immune function. Early probiotic supplementation offers a safe and effective strategy for preventing calf diarrhea and improving overall calf health and productivity.
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