Endophytes, symbiotic microorganisms residing within plant tissues, play a vital role in promoting sustainable agriculture. They enhance plant growth by facilitating nutrient acquisition, producing phytohormones, and inducing systemic resistance. Endophytes also bolster abiotic stress tolerance by mitigating drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity effects through antioxidant and osmo protectant production. Additionally, they protect plants from biotic stresses by generating antimicrobial compounds and triggering systemic acquired resistance. Their potential as natural biocontrol agents and biofertilizers offers eco-friendly solutions for improving crop productivity and resilience in sustainable farming systems.
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