In vitro mutagenesis offers an effective approach to improving chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium), an ornamental crop constrained by polyploidy and complex breeding behaviour. This review examines gamma irradiation and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) treatments, mutant stabilization through successive vegetative generations, and molecular validation using ISSR and IRAP markers. Mutagenic responses vary with cultivar, dose, and treatment conditions, influencing survival, regeneration, and desirable phenotypes. Integrating mutagenesis with omics, functional validation, and genome editing could broaden genetic variation and support the development of climate-resilient chrysanthemum cultivars.
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