Hydroponics is a soilless cultivation technology in which plants grow using nutrient solutions, with or without inert growing media. Growing concerns about water scarcity, limited arable land, urbanization and climate change have increased interest in this production system. Hydroponics enables precise nutrient management, efficient water use and intensive crop production, particularly for leafy vegetables, herbs and selected fruiting crops. However, its adoption is constrained by initial investment, energy requirements and technical complexity. This article examines the principles, major systems, advantages, limitations, crop suitability and future prospects of hydroponics in sustainable agriculture.
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