Abstract
Changing climatic conditions increase biotic stress on agricultural crops, caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes, weeds, and insects, negatively impacting plant growth and development. These factors elevate reactive oxygen species levels, reducing crop productivity. Typically, synthetic chemicals are used as plant protection products to manage this issue, interfering with cellular functions and targeting organisms' life cycles. Applied as aqueous sprays, these chemicals have limited efficacy and stability, especially on aerial parts. Soil application offers better stability and efficacy. The focus should now shift to reducing agrochemical use and promoting eco-friendly alternatives like beneficial plant-bacterial and fungal interactions to sustain the environment and health.