Climate change increasingly threatens agriculture through droughts, floods, heatwaves, and other extreme events, making resilience assessment essential for sustainable food production. Climate resilience indices evaluate the capacity of agricultural systems to anticipate, withstand, adapt to, and recover from climate-related stresses. This review discusses the concepts, methodologies, and key dimensions of resilience, including exposure, vulnerability, adaptive capacity, and recovery. It also highlights the role of remote sensing, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and scenario planning in strengthening resilience assessment, supporting evidence-based adaptation, resource allocation, and sustainable agricultural development.
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