Climate change threatens sustainable crop production and global food security through rising temperatures, erratic rainfall, extreme weather events, and changing pest and disease patterns. Its impacts vary with crop species, growth stages, soil conditions, and management practices. Although elevated atmospheric CO₂ may enhance photosynthesis and water-use efficiency, these benefits are often constrained by heat, drought, and nutrient limitations. Climate-resilient varieties, improved water management, conservation agriculture, integrated nutrient management, agroforestry, precision agriculture, and weather-based advisories are essential for reducing climate risks and strengthening agricultural resilience and sustainability.
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